materials flow of platinum group metals in germany christian hagelüken 1 matthias buchert 2 peter ryan 3 umicore precious refining hanau öko institut darmstadt gfms london united kingdom abstract have become indispensable modern industrial society and the demand for pgms has greatly increased an depth quantitative analysis pgm applications lifecycle structure deficits optimisation potential been carried out by institute besides detailed insights into one more opaque metal markets study elaborates fun damental differences between lifecycles those consumer sector which are relevant beyond also other while closed loop systems herently lead to high recycling rates open usually imply significant losses main lay insufficient collection end life products global export streams scrap inefficiencies early sub steps chain develops aspect static dynamic ratios be considered when efficiencies growing or decreasing application areas
