environmental and energy study institute july 29 2005 1 subsidies historic current the skewing of market signals presentation by carol werner executive director policy institutions true costs carbon albuquerque nm 122 c street nw suite 630 washington dc 20001 202 628 1400 www eesi org i introduction a wide range instruments provide incentives to industry including grant access domestic onshore offshore resources direct budgetary outlays for r&d resource assessments government ownership enterprises or supporting service organizations import export restrictions provision related information below loans loan guarantees regulation wholesale retail prices purchase requirements regulations that alter rights responsibilities in markets exemptions certain actors insurance indemnification at special tax levies activities these are applied throughout lifecycle phases research development extraction transport production consumption decommissioning because not equally all sources occurs addition
