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The notion of a cheap and reliable computer chip look-alike that performs thousands
 
of biological reactions is a very attractive one, because it miniaturizes, automates
 
and accelerates otherwise cumbersome laboratory tasks, at a significantly lower
 
cost per assay than traditional methods. Applications include the analysis of
 
genetic material for defects or sequence variations for diagnostic, therapeutic
 
and forensic purposes, analysis of biological fluids for diagnostic and therapeutic
 
purposes, and analysis of inter-molecular interactions for drug lead screening
 
purposes. Developments in assay chemistries, in so-called microfluidics, which
 
is the handling of minute volumes of liquids, and in ultra-sensitive detection
 
methodologies, as well as advances in chip manufacturing approaches for bio-assay
 
purposes, have contributed towards the development of the field. Corporate interest
 
centers around the potential of biochips to be used as point-of-care diagnostics,
 
and as high throughput screening platforms for drug lead identification, but a
 
key challenge is to develop a standardized chip platform that is universally applicable,
 
much like the computer chip equivalents.

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