This Biomass Report is concerned with the technologies, markets and development of biomass energy, both used directly and converted from primary energy to a secondary fuel.

Biomass is a major source of energy supply and it is used at different levels of technology. It can be used “directly``, as in household fires or wood burning cookers, or “indirectly`` after conversion into a secondary form of energy, such as biopower, biodiesel or biogas.

The Biomass Report is greatly expanded in coverage with much deeper and more comprehensive statistical analysis than in the 1st edition. The Biomass Report is rich with data, with detailed new country analysis of biomass use contained in 150 charts and tables.

The Biomass Report analyses and identifies biomass supply and use by type and process. The Biomass technologies are outlined, for direct consumption and transformation into secondary energy - electricity, gas, fuel. These technologies include gasification, pyrolysis, biofuel prodcution, MSW treatment, landfill gas, power generation. Each of the 29 major biomass using countries is analysed by energy and biomass usage, measuring consumption, the size of different biomass sources identifying how it is used, in the following analyses;- Fossil fuel & nuclear/renewable non-biomass/biomass Biomass supply by type - solid biomass/MWS/biofuel/biogas/industrial waste. Biomass use analysed by direct/transformation/heal/electricity/other fuel. Electricity generation from biomass historically from 1980.The Biomass Report outlines the many government initiatives to support the biomass industry and R&D.

1. Executive Summary
Regional usage and development
Usage patterns
Technologies and transformation
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Charcoal production
Briquetting and pelletising
Biofuels for transportation
Bioheat
MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
LFG (Landfill Gas)
Biopower
Biomass legislation
2. Introduction
3. Biomass as a primary fuel
TPES - Total Primary Energy Supply
TFEC - Total Final Energy Consumption

The Fuel Ladder
Urban usage
Regional distribution of biomass consumption

Future primary energy production and consumption
Bioenergy power generation
4. Benefits and constraints of bioenergy
Factors encouraging the development of biomass energy
5. Biomass resources
Agricultural crops
Energy cropping
6. Biomass conversion technologies
Direct use

Combustion
Cogeneration

Transformation
Electricity generation

Conventional steam boiler
Co-firing
Biogas
Anaerobic digestion

Gasification
Pyrolysis
Charcoal production

Briquetting and pelletising

Modular systems
Biofuels for transportation

Ethanol
Biodiesel
Bio refineries

Bio-based products
Technology developments
7. Biomass usage and technologies
Biomass electricity and heat
Biomass heat

Technology for biomass heat
Domestic heat production
Larger scale use of biomass fuel for heating
District heating
Industrial use of biomass electricity and heat
European competitiveness
Market characteristics
Infrastructure constraints
USA
Rest of world

Liquid biofuels

Feedstocks

Ethanol

Brazil
USA
Motor fuel applications for ethanol in the US
EU

Biodiesel

Biofuels Developments at the EU Member State Level
USA
EPAct 1992
EPAct 2005
Biodiesel Tax Credit
Credit Trading Programme
State incentives for use of biodiesel
International incentives for proportion of biodiesel
Australia
Thailand:
Malaysia:
Technology and feedstocks for ethanol and biodiesel
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Environmental impacts
Manpower requirements
Market position
Brazil, USA, EU competitiveness
Ethanol
Biodiesel

MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)

Technology
Waste reduction
Environmental issues
Global market
EU
Waste policy in Europe
USA
East Asia
Japan
Pacific
Future prospects

Landfill gas

Environment
Technology
Landfill gas market
EU
EU environmental regulations
Rest of world
Market problems
Future prospects for landfill gas

Biogas
Biopower

Technology
Conventional steam cycle plant
Gasification and other advanced processes
Co-firing with fossil fuels
Advantages of co-firing
Disadvantages of co-firing
Figure 7.13: Electricity generation from biomass, GWh 1970 to 2004
United States
Europe
Brazil

8. Regional and national biomass market and technology review
United States

Biomass Consumption by Energy Source and Use Sector
Biomass Resources
Electricity generation from biomass

Europe
Transformation
Electricity generation
Biofuel
Equipment for biomass power generation
National market characteristics in the EU
Austria
Biomass R&D
Belgium
Biomass R&D
Denmark
Biomass R&D
Finland
Biomass R&D
France
Germany
Biomass R&D
Greece
Biomass R&D
Ireland
Biomass R&D
Italy
Biomass R&D
Netherlands
Biomass R&D
Portugal
Biomass R&D
Spain
Biomass R&D
Sweden
Biomass R&D
Turkey
United Kingdom
Biomass R&D
CIS
Asia Pacific
Australia
China
Biomass R&D and technology development
New technologies developed in China
New energy fuels and products under development
Government support
South Asia
India
Bangladesh
Government support
Nepal
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
Government support
Malaysia
Government support
Myanmar
Biomass R&D and government support
Philippines
Government support
Thailand
Government support
Government support
Vietnam
Biomass R&D and government support

Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
Africa

9. Environmental issues
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
Kyoto Protocol

Status of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Annex 1 countries December 31, 2006
The “Hockey Stick Effect” and the “Medieval Warming”
Comment on Climate Report 2001 and Paris Report 2007
USA environmental legislation

EU Environmental Directives

LCPD - Large Combustion Plant Directive
ETS - Emissions Trading Directive
IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control Directive
EU Biofuels Directive
The EU Landfill Directive
Hazardous Waste Directive
Incineration of Waste (2000/76/EC) (implemented December 2002)
Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC)
End of Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC) (implemented April 2002)
The technology and other abatement measures for carbon dioxide - CO2
Carbon sequestration
Sleipner Project

10. Comments on biomass statistics

11. Sources

12. Directory of Biomass Manufacturers